CIRCULATORY

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: The bodily system consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood that circulates blood throughout the body, delivers nutrients and other essential materials to cells, and removes waste products.

overall importance of circulatory system:

• circulates blood throughout the body
• moves nutrients and minerals through body
• helps fight disease
• helps to maintain homeostasis
• lymphatic system
• Two types of fluids move through system: blood and lymph
• heart, blood vessels, blood
• open and closed circ. system

evolutionary advantages/disadvantages:

the circulatory main function is to pump the nutrients and blood throughout the body. this is an evolutionary advantage because it helps maintain homeostasis and maintain a healthy body function  in the simple organisms such as the worm and crayfish they have something called an open circulatory system, disadvantage to this is that it creates a problem when creating the needed velocity to help move blood along. advantages is that its easier to push things around and move them where its needed, because earthworms and crayfish don't have a heart and capillaries there liquids and blood free float around to do the jobs its supposed to do. In a closed more complex circulatory system like in the frog and white rat its body functions and fact that the blood and fluids are enclosed are the factor of a advantage in evolution.

GAS EXCHANGE:
the process in which two different gasses usually oxygen and carbon dioxide are transferred and changed through a thin surface in the lungs and heart to create the movement in the blood vessels and then be transferred throughout the body to remain functioning. 

differences and commonalities between animals:

EARTHWORM:

• closed circ. system
• dorsal vessels
• heart (aortic arches)
• segments have capillaries

CRAYFISH:

• tail has capillaries
• closed circ. system
• dorsal vessels
• gills

GRASS FROG:

• blood vessels
• 3 chamber heart
• moist skin
• two atria, one single vetrica
• mixture in heart
• open circ. sytem

WHITE RAT

• 4 chamber heart
• gas exchange whithin body
• no blood mixture
• similar to human circ. system

RESPIRATORY

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: the system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide.

overall importance:

• needed to live
• gas exchange
• happens in the lungs and blood vessels
• exhalation
• carbon dioxide, oxygen
• circulation
• nasal passage
• para nasal sinuses
• throat, pharynx 

evolutionary advantage/disadvantage:

Having the respiratory system inside the body with all its components is a evolutionary advantage because, the body can easily process the oxygen its taking it to increase blood flow and allowing healthy muscle growth. the respiratory system. In a simple version of the respiratory system such as the earthworm, crayfish, and frog; they perform respiration through permeable skin. allowing efficient gas exchange in and out of its skin membrane to breath. In a more complex organism like the white rat, it has lungs and branch like fingers inside of its lungs to quickly separate oxygen and expel carbon dioxide in a fluid motion billions of times a day to live. Disadvantages to these functions of breathing is that the air at many times can become contaminated and prohibit proper breathing through skin or lungs. Just like humans the rats lungs are sensitive to its environment  bad weather to pollution can throw the respiratory out of commission and in return the organism will get discomfort. Asthma is an example, where the lungs tend to seize up and cause breathing to get heavy as if someone put a brick on your lungs. 

Differences ad similarities between organisms:

EARTHWORM:

• permeable skin
• breathes through skin
• mucus and water
• simple resp. system no lungs exc.
• diffusion
• must remain in wet soil (environment)

CRAYFISH:

• gills
• oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged in water
• no lungs exc.
• bronchial chamber
• leg movement creates circulation
• free floating system

GRASS FROG:

• breathes through skin
• mucus and water on skin
• must remain in moist environment
• permeable skin
• diffusion
• contains blood capillaries on skin surface

WHITE RAT:

• a lot like humans
• lungs, throat, larynx
• inside of body
• blood flow and muscle growth
• ribs and diaphragm create movement

DIGESTIVE

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: the process in which food is digested then processed with enzymes to extract vitamins and nutrients into the body.

overall importance of system:

• breaks down food
• contains 4 major organs: esophagus, stomach, large intestine and small intestine
• acid and enzymes to break down food
• in all animals
• gets rid of waste
• important to survival
• mechanicle digestion
• chemicle digestion
• part of circulatory system

evolutionary advantage/disadvantage:

Evolution has taken all 4 of these organisms and gave them traits to survive and improved the ones that they all have in common. In the simple organism such as the earthworm the digestive system is made up of on 4 small organs, they don't have a stomach instead they have something called the gull bladder (organ in which it breaks down dirt with rocks and powerful enzymes) which acts as its main digestive organ to transfer out the nutrients and food it will need to survive. In the more complex animal such as the white rat, its digestive system is a lot like humans. Both the frog and rat both have the advantage of having a digestive system that carefully selects through tubes of intestines ans stomach acids and enzymes the needed vitamins and proteins wanted for those animals to survive. Disadvantages to having such a simple digestive system is the limitations to what the organism can feed on to stay alive, as for the complex disadvantages the organs are always at risk of health issues, abrupt eruptions in the lining of the stomach causing the very strong acids to empty out into the body cavities. 

similarities and differences between organisms

EARTHWORM:

• long intestine
• gull bladder
• simple
• filled with water
• waste is food
• digests dirt
• body contractions create mechanical digestion
• no veins

CRAYFISH:

• pyloric stomach
• intestine gland in tail
• cardiac stomach
• no veins
• mechanical digestion 

GRASS FROG:

• contains the 4 organs to digestion
• chemicle digestion
• similar to humans 
• gull bladder

WHITE RAT:

• 4 organs
• similar to humans
• chemicle digestion
• acids enzymes break down most things
  

MUSCULAR

MUSCULAR SYSTEM: The muscular system is the anatomical system of a species that allows it to move.

Overall importance to the skeletal system:

• provides movement for animals
• structuralism alongside skeletal system.
  
• made up of proteins
• organ system
• provides circulation for the body
• vertebrate
• invertebrate
• controlled by nervous system
• movement of muscles comes from ATP energy (adenosine triphosphate)

Evolutionary advantage/disadvantage:

EARTHWORM: the earthworm has a tunnel structure filled with what looks like different cords throughout its body acting like its muscular system, the advantages to having the hydro-static body shape and movements lets the muscles do less work, using less energy. Because of the body structure and simplicity of its insides and outsides has let it advance in the evolutionary scale. Disadvantage to having a free all over muscular system is that its not very sturdy and its a lot less complex then the frog or rat, its easy to tear them or against predators they are no match. They have no protection and no strength to fight back. 

CRAYFISH: The muscular system of crayfish includes powerful abdominal muscles that make it possible to swim backwards giving a huge evolutionary advantage over other marine species because it can move quickly if threatened by a predator, containing the same strong muscles in its claws, tail, mandibles and legs. evolutionary the crayfish has the second formed type of muscular system and it has successfully been able to pass on its traits. disadvantages to having this muscular system is that its easily able to be destroyed and broken, and only having this power in the tail and claws doesn't give it much of a defense for itself. 

GRASS FROG:  having quick and powerful movements the frogs muscular system gives it an advantage to a long distance get away and to keep moving longer distances to evade predators. its abdominal muscles act like a thick bouncy cushion against the hard ground when it lands off of a jump, giving it protection for the insides of its organs. disadvantage to powerful muscles is needing to generate the energy by constantly needing to feed on the diet to keep going, putting the frog in potential danger to get its next meal. 

WHITE RAT: A very flexible muscular system of many layers gives the rat the advantage to move quickly, and a flexible spinal cord allows it to get through the tiniest odd places. it has the top evolutionary advantage because its build very similar to humans. Obvious disadvantages like us is broken bones, torn muscles and if its diet changes or diminishes the body will drastically be effected. 

differences and commonalities between creatures: 

EARTHWORM:

• segmented
• free muscular system
• not thick
• provides its movements
• not powerful
• no protection

CRAYFISH:

• muscles in tail
• propulsion
• provides movements
• free muscular system
• little protection

GRASS FROG:

• all in abdominal and legs
• used for cushion
• powerful
• like humans muscles

WHITE RAT:

• like human muscle system
• all over body
• creates movements
• strong legs
• tail used for balance
• 4 feet more movements and faster
• increased defense against broken bones

SKELETAL

SKELETAL SYSTEM: the system in which bones or shell are present in the body to create structure.

Overall importance and information of the skeletal system:

• the skeletal system is the bodies most important feature, it provides stability and structure.
• made up of calcium and proteins
• endo-skeleton, hydro-skeleton, exo-skeleton 
• protects the internal organs and reduces impact
• large sums of calcium and minerals are stored within the organisms bones
• blood formation of both red and white are formed in the marrow.
• you start off with 270 bones in your body and then in maturity you loose 64

evolutionary advantage/disadvantage:

• EARTHWORM: the skeletal structure of the earthworm is an advantage in several ways; having the luxury of a hydro static body means that the organisms movements are more fluid therefore giving it the advantage of using less energy and needing less food. another way in which this body structure is at an advantage to this animal is that it can move quickly to avoid predators or to move quickly for food. Disadvantages to having this type of body is the skin of the animal is very thin therefore making it far more susceptible to being squashed and damaged. another disadvantage is that it must always maintain a moisture friendly environment around it, if it doesn't have any water it cant move or function.
• CRAYFISH: Having an exo-skeleton (having its skeletal system act like a shield on the outside of its body) has the obvious reasons for an advantage; it is tough against predators and can effectively protect its insides from harms way. The crayfish's movements are limited because of its skeleton though causing it to have a big disadvantage. Unlike the earthworm it cannot move fluidly without a great surge of energy and power with its propulsion with water. Evolutionary the cray fish and its exo-skeleton was second in line in the evolution steps and has helped it survive past expiration date.
• GRASS FROG: The frog's endo-skeleton (containing its skeletal system within its integumentary system) gives it another layer alongside its skin to provide protection of its organs giving it an advantage in survival letting its traits get passed on to offspring in a survival of the fittest. Disadvantage to having this is that the frog can easily break bones because they are so light and fragile.
• WHITE RAT: Like the frog the rat also has a endo-skeleton also giving it the advantage of another layer of protection for its organs. the rats traits of both thick skin and dense flexible bones give it the advantage of moving quickly and bending its spinal cord to fit within small places to get away from predators or to retrieve food. Disadvantages is the movement of the rat can cause it to break its spinal cord or get injured easily because of having more bones in its body to be aware about.

Similarities and differences between animals:

EARTHWORM: 

• hydrostatic
• moves easily no bones
• segmented acts as support
• stays circular and big with water
• movement is up and down
• no back bone

CRAYFISH:

• no back bone
• no bones
• shell holds organs inside
• shell acts as bones
• stability and tough outer layer
• no nerves within shell

GRASS FROG:

• back bone
• chest plate
• hollow bones easy movement
• vulnerability to broken bones
• flexibility

  WHITE RAT:

• structure similar to human
• has backbone
• chest plate
• flexibility 
• contains marrow and calcium

INTEGUMENTARY

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: the system in which there is some sort of body covering on an organism. weather it be skin,scales or mucus.

Overall importance of the integumentary system:

• helps to provide circulation throughout organism to keep organism alive. 
• the body covering helps to maintain Homeostasis: body temperature, lubrication ect.
• provides efficient protection for organisms against outside forces such as weather and predators. 
• contains a product called melanin: derived from the amino acid tyrosin which provides pigment in animals.
• the integumentary system is made up of 3 layers in mammals and humans: Epidermis, Dermis, and Sebaceous layer.

evolutionary disadvantages and advantages:

It is crucial in survival that all organisms have a body covering no matter what it is, If you don't have one your at a larger disadvantage to others because of the lack of having a shield against factors that cause harm to the body and its insides and not being able to have a sufficient way to have adaptations to there environment causing the survival to go down. With the two sub-types of  body coverings Endothermic (containing your heat within) and Ectothermic (having your environment provide your body temperature for you), being without skin causes a lot of problems. With endothermic covering it may be easier to keep yourself warm due to being warm blooded, but on the other hand your far more susceptible to increased sensitivity to what your environment throws at you. Ectothermic or being cold blooded has its positives and negatives, the organism lives in the perfect environment and it helps maintain homeostasis and continue to thrive but as soon as something changes the organism must adapt quickly always having to live in warm places to keep healthy. Millions of years ago all that was on earth were fish, sea life and small forms of reptiles. concluding from that I know that the function of the ectothermic system evolved first. In a simple organism such as the earthworm the integumentary system works for only two reasons, to breath and to move. In a more complex organism such as the rat it provides protection, adaptations survival, body temperature regulations and is passed down from parents in its heredity. 

simalarities depending on color between organisms:

EARTHWORM: 

• body is segmented to provide easier movement 
• slimy body covering provides almost another layer of protection and used for movement
• containing only two layers of very thin skin to allow for diffusion (is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration)
• Setae or bristles alongside the underbelly of worm are like feet and hands to grab and move to prevent sliding.
• having no respiratory system the earthworm breathes through its skin.

CRAYFISH:

• exoskeleton that is hard and bumpy provides protection
• contains melanin that gives the crayfish its color
• shell provides structure acting like its skeletal system as well.
• not permeable 

GRASS FROG:

• frogs do not have the subcutaneous layer of skin.
• contains large sums of melanin
• skin designed for camouflage and survival
• mucus all over body of frog provides lubrication to escape from prey ad to move easily in water.
• frogs drink through permeable skin along with respiration and protection.

WHITE RAT:

• skin on face contains whiskers
• like humans there skin has  layers
• helps to regulate body heat
• also contains melanin
• gets rid of waste through pores.
• skin is permeable